The formal concept of war crimes emerged from the codification of the customary international law that applied to warfare between sovereign states, such as the Lieber Code (1863) of the Union Army in the American Civil War and the Hague Conventions of 18 for international war. A war crime is a violation of the laws of war that gives rise to individual criminal responsibility for actions by the combatants, such as intentionally killing civilians or intentionally killing prisoners of war torture taking hostages unnecessarily destroying civilian property deception by perfidy rape pillaging the conscription of child soldiers committing genocide or ethnic cleansing the granting of no quarter, despite surrender and flouting the legal distinctions of proportionality and military necessity.
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